• Passive Voice

FORM OF PASSIVE :


>> Subject + finite of to be + Past participle


Example : A letter was written



SIMPLE PRESENT

Active : Rita writes a letter

Passive : A letter is written by Rita



SIMPLE PAST

Active : Riata wrote a letter

Passive : A letter was written by Rita



PRESENT PERFECT

Active : Rita has written a letter

Passive : A letter has been written by Rita



FUTURE

Active : Rita will write a letter

Passive : A letter will be written by Rita

Passive Sentences with Two Object :
if you want to change an active sentences which has two object into its passive forms,there are two ways :

1. Make its indirect object into the subject of the passive sentences

2. Make its direct object into the subject of the passive sentences

• Gratitude,Compliment,Congratulation.

>> GRATITUDE


Gratitude is an expression that we show or say to express greteful feeling to other people. When speaking English you say "thanks" very often. Please say "thank you" when people give you somethimg,help you do something,wish you something and give you a compliment etc.





>> To Express Gratitude you can say :

• Thank you


• I'm greatful


• Thanks


• Thank you for calling


• That was very kind of you


• It was very nice of you to help me


• How can I ever thank you ?


• I can't thank you enought

>> Respone of expressing :

• You are welcome


• Don't mention it


• Not at all


• No problem


• It's OK


• No need to thank me


• Any time


• Fine


• It was my pleasure

>> COMPLIMENT

Compliment is an expression that we show or say to express/give praise. Some people use compliments to "butter up" somebody or to flatter in order to increase good will.

>> You compliment someone,for example :

• When you visit someone's house for the first time


• when other people do their best


• If you notice something new about the person's appearance


• On his/her general appearance

>> Complementing

• What a nice dress


• You look great


• You look very handsome


• Exellent!


• Nice work


• Good job


• You are good at ... , aren't you ?


• You ... very well , don't you ?


• You're a wonderful ... , aren't you ?


• I'm very impressed with you ...

>> Respone of expressing :

• Thanks


• Really ? Thanks


• Is very kind of you to say so


• Oh, I wouldn't say that

>> Congratulation

Congratulation is an expression that we use to give congratulation utterance when he/she succeeds in doing something.

To Express Congratulation,you can say :

• Let me congratulate you
• That's great
• Good
• Isn't that woderful
• How fortunate
• Splendid
• Congratulating
• Congratualtion !
• Merry Chirstmas
• Happy New Year
• Happy Valentine

>> Respone of Expressing :

• Thank you
• Thanks, I needed that
• That's very kind of you
• You have made my day
• Some to you
• Thanks a lot
• Thank you very much

next I want about

• Noun Phrase

Definition
Noun phrase is either a single noun or pronoun or any group of words containing a noun or a pronoun that function together as a noun or pronoun, as the subject or object of a verb.

The function of noun phrase :
Subject
Example : The children play on the forest

Object
Example : My mother buys a basket of vegetables

Complement
Example : Bogor is a rainy location

The basic structur of noun phrase

Phrase consist minimally of a head this means,in one word Phrase Like "boy" the head is "boy" in langer phrase a string of Elements my appear before the head.
Example : The naughty boy

When you use a noun in front of another noun, you never put adjectives between them. You put adjectives in front of the first noun.
Example : We just spoke with a young American boy.

Noun phrase can be in form of gerund ( Vbase + ing ) or gerund and other nuons compounding.
Example :

• Passing the exam
• Watching TV
• Preparing the equipment
• Sliding down a rope
• Going to school
• Dving board

now about

• Narratine Text

Narrative text is one kind on gendre to intertain or amuse the readers.


1. Social function : to amuse, entertain and to dealwith actual or various experience in different ways.

2. Schematic Scucture : Orientation, Complication, and Resolution.

3. Linguistic Features : Focus on specific participants, use of past tense, use temporal circumstances,and use of material (or action) processes.

The example for narrative text : Snow White, Cinderella,etc.

• Preposition Of Time : At,In,On

In preposition of time We use:

•at for a PRECISE TIME
•in for MONTHS, YEARS, CENTURIES and LONG PERIODS
•on for DAYS and DATES
at in on

PRECISE TIME MONTHS, YEARS, CENTURIES and LONG PERIODS DAYS and DATES

at 3 o'clock in May on Sunday
at 10.30am in summer on Tuesdays
at noon in the summer on 6 March
at dinnertime in 1990 on 25 Dec. 2010
at bedtime in the 1990s on Christmas Day
at sunrise in the next century on Independence Day
at sunset in the Ice Age on my birthday
at the moment in the past/future on New Year's Eve

Look at these examples:

•I have a meeting at 9am.
•The shop closes at midnight.
•Jane went home at lunchtime.
•In England, it often snows in December.
•Do you think we will go to Jupiter in the future?
•There should be a lot of progress in the next century.
•Do you work on Mondays?
•Her birthday is on 20 November.
•Where will you be on New Year's Day?

Notice the use of the preposition of time at in the following standard expressions:

Expression Example
at night The stars shine at night.
at the weekend I don't usually work at the weekend.
at Christmas/Easter I stay with my family at Christmas.
at the same time We finished the test at the same time.
at present He's not home at present. Try later.

Notice the use of the prepositions of time in and on in these common expressions:

in on
in the morning on Tuesday morning
in the mornings on Saturday mornings
in the afternoon(s) on Sunday afternoons
in the evening(s) on Monday evening

When we say last, next, every, this we do not also use at, in, on.

•I went to London last June. (not in last June)
•He's coming back next Tuesday. (not on next Tuesday)
•I go home every Easter. (not at every Easter)
•We'll call you this evening. (not in this evening)

and then I want write about.....??

• Surprise And Disbelive.

Definition of Surprise
Surpise is an expression that we show or say to express a sudden feeling of wonder or astonishment,as through unexpectedness.

To express surprise :

• Wow ! What a surprise
• That's a surprise
• Really?
• What ?
• Are you serious ? You must be joking
• You're kidding
• Fancy that
• I must say it surprise me
• Ifind that hard to believe

To responding The surprise :

• Yeah!
• It is
• Yup!
• Sure
• It's true
• I'm seriuos
• NO. i'm not
• Does it
• It is, Isn't it ?

The Example :

avi : Whose motorcycle is that ?

pupe : It's Redha's

avi : Are you kidding me ?

pupe : No,I'm not. I saw her riding that motorcycle this morning.

avi : What a surprise!

DEFINITION of DISBELIEF

Disbelief is an expression that we show or say to express the inability or refusal to believe or to accept somethings as true.

To express Disbelief :

• I don't believe it
• It can't be true
• I can't think about it
• I don't trust you
• I don't believe you
• I didn't know that
• I can't believe this

The Example :

dian : Do you still remember the gril we met yesterday ?

sari : Yes

dian : I can't believe my eyes when I saw her selling fried bananas this morning

sari : Fried bananas ?

dian : Yes. She looked grievous

sari : I don't believe you. You must be dreaming.

next about.....

• Asking Information

Here are some sample phrases and sentences for asking information in English.

1. What is this?
2. What is that?
3. What's this?
4. What's that?
5. What are these?
6. What are those?
7. Where is Mr. King?
8. Where is Ms. Knight?
9. Where's Johnny?
10. When's the movie?
11. When's lunch?
12. How is the food?

There are a number of formulas used when asking for information in English. Here are some of the most common:

• Could you tell me...?
• Do you know...?
• Do you happen to know...?
• I'd like to know...
• Could you find out...?
• I'm interested in...
• I'm looking for..

These two forms are used for asking for information on the telephone:

• I'm calling to find out...
• I'm calling about...

the second I want write about......??

• Modals In The Past Form

Modals in the Past

can't have
could
could have
couldn't
couldn't have

didn't need to
had to
may have
may not have
might have

might not have
must have
needn't have
ought not to have
ought to have

should have
shouldn't have
would have
would not


can't have certainty
e.g. I can't have lost my keys! (I'm sure I didn't)

could permission
e.g. When I was a teenager, I could go out as late as I wanted.
general ability
e.g. Tom could walk by the age of 8 months.

could have possibility, but did not happen
e.g. I could have passed my driving test if I'd really tried.
uncertainty
e.g. I guess it could have been Sandra on the phone.

couldn't permission
e.g. When I was a teenager, I couldn't stay out as late as I wanted.
general ability
e.g. I couldn't walk until I was 2.
ability in a particular situation
e.g. I tried hard but I couldn't persuade him to go to the party with us.

couldn't have possibility/ability
e.g. I couldn't possibly have passed my driving test, even if I'd tried harder.
uncertainty
e.g. It couldn't have been Sandra on the phone, could it?
with comparative adjectives
e.g. I couldn't have asked for better weather on my wedding day.
unwillingness
e.g. I couldn't have left the dog in the car for long (so I didn't).

didn’t need to unnecessary action not done
e.g. As I was alone this weekend, I didn't need to do any cooking (so I didn't).

had to obligation (past form of must)
e.g. I couldn't go out last night because I had to do my homework.

may have uncertainty
e.g. I guess I may have been a bit hard on her when she came home an hour late.

may not have uncertainty
e.g. He may not have found out yet that he has passed the test.

might have possibility (didn't happen)
e.g. You might have been killed!
uncertainty
e.g. I guess I might have been a bit hard on her when she came home an hour late.
annoyance at someone's failure to do something
e.g. You might have told me that you had invited all your colleagues round for dinner!
might have known + would (idiom to ironically express that somebody's action was typical)
e.g. I might have known that he would finish with me as soon as he found out I wasn't wealthy!

might not have uncertainty
e.g. He may not have found out yet that he has passed the test.

must have certainty
e.g. He must have known how much it was going to cost. (I'm sure he knew.)
with surely in exclamations
e.g. Surely he must have known how much it was going to cost!

needn't have unnecessary action that was actually done
e.g. Oh, you needn't have done the washing up!

ought not to have criticism (more common is shouldn't have)
e.g. You ought not to have been so frank with him.

ought to have expectation (should have is more common)
Why is she late? She ought to have arrived by now!

should have expectation
Why is she late? She should have arrived by now!
should have + verbs of thinking
e.g. I should have thought you knew.
with be and adjectives, describing chance
e.g. It was weird that you should have been staying in the same hostel last month.
criticism (you didn't do something, but it would have been the right thing to do)
e.g. The party was such fun last night! You should have come!

shouldn't have criticism
e.g. You shouldn't have been so frank with him.
polite expression of thanks on receiving a gift or favour
"Here's a bottle of wine for you"
"Oh, you really shouldn't have!"

would have events in the past that did not happen
e.g. I wouldn't have gone out with him, but he didn't ask me.
assumptions
e.g. Oh, that would have been Sarah on the phone just now.

would not unwillingness
e.g. I asked Tom to close the window, but he wouldn't do it.

mulai utk menulis blog lg.....
blog semester II......
caiio.......

first maybe I want to write about.....

• Direct and Indirect Speech

>> DIRECT SPEECH
Direct speech is a speaker's actual words. In writing, we write direct speech with qoutation marks (".....")

>> INDIRECT SPEECH
Indirect speech is a report of what the announcement has said.

Example :
1. Conmand/request
Direct : Mrs.Chandra said to Vita "don't woorry about it"
Indirect : Mrs. Chandra told Vita not worry about it.

2. Question
Direct : Dyna asked "Are you a doctor?"
Indirect : Dyna asked whether I was doctor.

3. Statement
Direct : Mr.James said "I worked hard yesterday."
Indirect : Mr.James said that he work hard the day before.

>> In comand sentences,direct speech can change "Said" to be "Ordered","Told",and "Forbade".

>> There are 3 kind Indirect Speech

1. Imperrative ( command/request )
If you put a command into indirect speech, you remain changing of the person, backshif of tenses and changing of expresion of time. The form is mostly: to or not to + infinitive.

>> AFFIRMATIVE COMMANDS
Direct : Mother said to Icha "Icha,sweep the floor,please."
Indirect : Mother told Icha sweep the floor.

>> NEGATIVE COMMANDS
Direct : Yusni said to Nandi "turn on the fan, please"
Indirect : Yusni told Nandi to turn on the fan.

>> A QUESTION WITHOUT A QUESTION WORD(YES/NO QUESTION)
Direct : Rio asked me " When do you eat meatball ?"
Indirect : Rio asked me when I ate meatball.


>> TIME CHANGE
This (morning) to be That (morning)
Today to be Yesterday
These to be Those
Now to be Then
(a week) ago to be (a week) before
Here to be There
Tomorrow to be The Next Day

that's all about direct and indirect speech......